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municipal governments

  • 1 municipal bond

    Fin
    in the United States, a security issued by states, local governments, and municipalities to pay for special projects such as highways

    The ultimate business dictionary > municipal bond

  • 2 ayuntamiento

    m.
    1 town council (British), city council (United States) (corporation).
    2 town hall (British), city hall (United States) (edificio).
    * * *
    1 (corporación) town council, city council
    2 (edificio) town hall, city hall
    \
    ayuntamiento carnal formal sexual intercourse
    * * *
    noun m.
    1) city council, town council
    2) city hall, town hall
    * * *
    SM
    1) (=corporación) district council, town council, city council
    2) (=Casa Consistorial) town hall, city hall
    3) (=cópula) sexual intercourse
    * * *
    masculino ( corporación) town/city council; ( edificio) town/city hall
    * * *
    = local authority, town hall, local government, municipal government, local council, town council, city hall, municipal authority, city council.
    Ex. The interplay of forces outside their individual control -- government, local authority, trade union, parent institution -- plays havoc with planning exercises.
    Ex. Most CACs occupied office-type accommodation in town halls, libraries and consumer protection departments.
    Ex. With local government reorganization in 1974 came changes in the boundaries of public library authorities.
    Ex. The library's own publications and documents recording the activities of important institutions such as municipal governments, corporations, or the university where the library is located, represent another category of material which often requires indexing by reference librarians.
    Ex. During the last 10 years the service level in the City has fallen and music has stagnated, since the local council library committee froze all expenditure on music in 1984.
    Ex. The aim was to reach as many people as possible; more unusual venues included a meeting of the town council, a church, the market square, and a prison.
    Ex. Among other buildings afire or still smoldering in eastern Baghdad today were the city hall and the National Library which was so thoroughly burned that heat still radiated 50 paces from its front doors.
    Ex. Municipal authorities themselves decide the objectives, scale and structure of their library services.
    Ex. This is because the chief librarian is personally accountable to the next higher level of authority such as the mayor, the city council, the hospital director, or the university president.
    ----
    * a cargo del ayuntamiento = local authority-run.
    * Centro de Información sobre el Ayuntamiento = Kommune Information Centre.
    * concejal del ayuntamiento = local councillor.
    * del ayuntamiento = local authority-run.
    * funcionario del ayuntamiento = city official, city worker.
    * gestionado por el ayuntamiento = city-administered.
    * sala de juntas del ayuntamiento = town council meeting room.
    * * *
    masculino ( corporación) town/city council; ( edificio) town/city hall
    * * *
    = local authority, town hall, local government, municipal government, local council, town council, city hall, municipal authority, city council.

    Ex: The interplay of forces outside their individual control -- government, local authority, trade union, parent institution -- plays havoc with planning exercises.

    Ex: Most CACs occupied office-type accommodation in town halls, libraries and consumer protection departments.
    Ex: With local government reorganization in 1974 came changes in the boundaries of public library authorities.
    Ex: The library's own publications and documents recording the activities of important institutions such as municipal governments, corporations, or the university where the library is located, represent another category of material which often requires indexing by reference librarians.
    Ex: During the last 10 years the service level in the City has fallen and music has stagnated, since the local council library committee froze all expenditure on music in 1984.
    Ex: The aim was to reach as many people as possible; more unusual venues included a meeting of the town council, a church, the market square, and a prison.
    Ex: Among other buildings afire or still smoldering in eastern Baghdad today were the city hall and the National Library which was so thoroughly burned that heat still radiated 50 paces from its front doors.
    Ex: Municipal authorities themselves decide the objectives, scale and structure of their library services.
    Ex: This is because the chief librarian is personally accountable to the next higher level of authority such as the mayor, the city council, the hospital director, or the university president.
    * a cargo del ayuntamiento = local authority-run.
    * Centro de Información sobre el Ayuntamiento = Kommune Information Centre.
    * concejal del ayuntamiento = local councillor.
    * del ayuntamiento = local authority-run.
    * funcionario del ayuntamiento = city official, city worker.
    * gestionado por el ayuntamiento = city-administered.
    * sala de juntas del ayuntamiento = town council meeting room.

    * * *
    (corporación) town/city council; (edificio) town/city hall
    Compuesto:
    ( ant); carnal knowledge ( arch)
    * * *

     

    ayuntamiento sustantivo masculino ( corporación) town/city council;
    ( edificio) town/city hall
    ayuntamiento sustantivo masculino
    1 (institución) town/city council
    2 (edificio) GB town hall, US city hall
    ' ayuntamiento' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    concejo
    - drogodependencia
    - fortificación
    - insonorización
    - municipio
    - nido
    English:
    city hall
    - clout
    - corporation
    - council
    - local council
    - town council
    - town hall
    - wedding reception
    - city
    - housing
    - town
    - township
    * * *
    1. [corporación] Br town council, US city council
    2. [edificio] Br town hall, US city hall
    3. Anticuado
    ayuntamiento (carnal) sexual congress
    * * *
    m city council, town council; edificio city hall, town hall
    * * *
    1) : town hall, city hall
    2) : town or city council
    * * *
    1. (institución) council
    2. (edificio) town hall

    Spanish-English dictionary > ayuntamiento

  • 3 Kommunalabgabenquittung

    Kommunalabgabenquittung
    rates receipt (Br.);
    • Kommunalabgabenwesen municipal taxation;
    • Kommunalangelegenheiten county business (affairs), local (Br.) (municipal, US) affairs;
    • Kommunalangestellte employees of municipal governments (US);
    • Kommunalanlagen municipal facilities, communal organizations;
    • Kommunalanleihen municipal bonds (securities), local authority loans (bonds) (Br.), municipal stocks (Br.), corporation loans (Br.);
    • kurzfristige Kommunalanleihen revenue bonds (US);
    • Kommunalanleihen zur Kanalisationsfinanzierung sewer bonds;
    • Kommunalarbeiter municipal worker;
    • Kommunalaufgaben county affairs;
    • Kommunalaufwendungen, Kommunalausgaben municipal expenses (US), local expenditure (Br.);
    • Kommunalbank municipal (city) bank;
    • Kommunalbeamter local government officer (Br.), local public official (Br.), county (municipal) officer (US);
    • Kommunalbediensteter paid officer of a council;
    • Kommunalbehörden local authorities (government) (Br.), municipal authorities (US);
    • Kommunalbeitrag municipal contribution;
    • Kommunalbetrieb communal enterprise, civil (municipal) enterprise, municipal undertaking (corporation, US);
    • Kommunalbezirk municipal district (US), county;
    • Kommunalbürgschaft local government guarantee (Br.);
    • Kommunaldarlehn local authority loan (Br.), municipal loan (US);
    • in Kommunaleigentum municipally owned;
    • Kommunaleinnahmen, Kommunaleinkünfte revenues of the city council, local revenue (Br.);
    • Kommunaleinrichtung communal organization, community facility;
    • Kommunaletat, Kommunalhaushalt county general fund, local [government] budget (Br.), municipal budget (US);
    • Kommunalfinanzen municipal finances (US), local government finance (Br.);
    • Kommunalgrundstück community land;
    • Kommunalhaushalt local budget (Br.), municipal budget.

    Business german-english dictionary > Kommunalabgabenquittung

  • 4 en el orden del día

    Ex. Rules that make it easier for municipal governments to offer wireless broadband will be on the agenda.
    * * *

    Ex: Rules that make it easier for municipal governments to offer wireless broadband will be on the agenda.

    Spanish-English dictionary > en el orden del día

  • 5 Kommunalangestellte

    Kommunalangestellte
    employees of municipal governments (US)

    Business german-english dictionary > Kommunalangestellte

  • 6 corporación

    f.
    corporation, association, enterprise, company.
    * * *
    1 corporation
    \
    corporación metropolitana city corporation
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    * * *
    a) (Hist) guild
    b) (Der) association
    c) (Com, Fin) corporation
    * * *
    = body, corporate body, corporation.
    Ex. Special rules are includes for specific types of corporate bodies, such as exhibitions, conferences, subordinate and related bodies, governments bodies and officials, and radio and television stations.
    Ex. AACR2 defines a corporate body thus: 'a corporate body is an organisation or group of persons that is identified by a particular name and that acts, or may act, as an entity'.
    Ex. The main form of knowledge transfer and the basis for decision making within corporations has not been a paper, a document or a detailed report, but a set of overhead slides and the discussions around them.
    ----
    * reorganizar como una corporación = corporatise [corporatize, -USA].
    * * *
    a) (Hist) guild
    b) (Der) association
    c) (Com, Fin) corporation
    * * *
    = body, corporate body, corporation.

    Ex: Special rules are includes for specific types of corporate bodies, such as exhibitions, conferences, subordinate and related bodies, governments bodies and officials, and radio and television stations.

    Ex: AACR2 defines a corporate body thus: 'a corporate body is an organisation or group of persons that is identified by a particular name and that acts, or may act, as an entity'.
    Ex: The main form of knowledge transfer and the basis for decision making within corporations has not been a paper, a document or a detailed report, but a set of overhead slides and the discussions around them.
    * reorganizar como una corporación = corporatise [corporatize, -USA].

    * * *
    1 ( Hist) guild
    2 ( Der) association
    3 ( Com, Fin) corporation
    Compuesto:
    municipal council
    * * *

    corporación sustantivo femenino (Com, Fin) corporation
    corporación sustantivo femenino corporation
    ' corporación' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    ayuntamiento
    English:
    multimedia
    - corporation
    - county
    * * *
    1. [organismo público] corporation, authority
    corporaciones locales local authorities
    2. [empresa] corporation
    * * *
    f corporation
    * * *
    corporación nf, pl - ciones : corporation
    * * *
    corporación n corporation

    Spanish-English dictionary > corporación

  • 7 Verwaltungsbeirat

    Verwaltungsbeirat
    advisory (administrative) board, (Kommunalwesen) county board of supervisors;
    • Verwaltungsbericht administrative report;
    • Verwaltungsbeschwerde appeal;
    • Verwaltungsbezirk division, administrative district (area, county, Br.), municipal (magisterial, US) district, administration area (riding, Br.), civil district, [super]intendency;
    • in Verwaltungsbezirke aufteilen to regionalize;
    • Verwaltungsbüro [administrative] office;
    • Verwaltungschef chief magistrate;
    • Verwaltungsdienst Civil Service (Br.);
    • Verwaltungsdienstleistungen erstellen to provide administrative services;
    • Verwaltungsdokument administrative document;
    • Verwaltungsebene tier (Br.);
    • zweite Verwaltungsebene second-tier authority;
    • Verwaltungseinheit unit of administration, local division;
    • autonome Verwaltungseinheiten proprietary governments;
    • kommunale Verwaltungseinheit municipal (local, Br.) authority;
    • Verwaltungseinsparungen economies in administration, civil service cuts (Br.);
    • Verwaltungsentscheidung administrative ruling;
    • Verwaltungserfahrungen administrative experience;
    • Verwaltungserlass ordinance, magisterial decree (US);
    • Verwaltungsexamen divisional examination;
    • Verwaltungsfachmann business administrator;
    • Verwaltungsformalitäten administrative formalities;
    • Verwaltungsfunktionen administrative functions;
    • Verwaltungsgebaren stewardship of management;
    • Verwaltungsgebäude administration building, (AG) business premises, management office;
    • Verwaltungsgebiet administrative area (county, Br.);
    • Verwaltungsgebühr (Bank) account-carrying (administrative) charge, (Bearbeitung) management charge, (Behörde) [administrative] fee, governmental fee, (Investmentfonds) management fee, service charge (Br.), (Lagerungskosten) carrying charge (US), (Rückkauf einer Lebensversicherung) surrender charge;
    • Verwaltungsgemeinkosten administrative overheads;
    • Verwaltungsgenie administrative genius;
    • Verwaltungsgericht administrative court;
    • Verwaltungsgerichtsbarkeit administrative jurisdiction;
    • Verwaltungsgesellschaft administrative company, civil corporation, managing company (Br.), (Kapitalanlagegesellschaft) management company (Br.);
    • Verwaltungsgremium administrative board, administrative (governing) body;
    • Verwaltungshandlung administrative act;
    • fehlerhafte (nicht ordnungsgemäß zustande gekommene) Verwaltungshandlung failure to act;
    • Verwaltungshaushalt (Europäische Kommission) operating budget;
    • Verwaltungsjahr business year;
    • Verwaltungskader management cadre;
    • Verwaltungskarriere management career;
    • Verwaltungskomitee managing board;
    • Verwaltungskonto management account;
    • Verwaltungskörper administrative body (board), (Betrieb) management team, managerial staff.

    Business german-english dictionary > Verwaltungsbeirat

  • 8 junta

    f.
    1 committee.
    junta directiva board of directors
    junta de gobierno = government and administrative body in certain autonomous regions
    junta militar military junta
    2 meeting.
    junta (general) de accionistas shareholders' meeting
    junta general extraordinaria extraordinary general meeting
    3 joint (juntura).
    4 board, junta.
    5 autonomous government.
    pres.indicat.
    3rd person singular (él/ella/ello) present indicative of spanish verb: juntar.
    * * *
    1 (reunión) meeting, assembly, conference
    2 (conjunto de personas) board, council, committee
    3 (sesión) session, sitting
    4 (militar) junta
    \
    junta administrativa administrative board
    junta de accionistas shareholders' meeting
    junta de empresa works council
    junta directiva board of directors
    junta militar military junta
    * * *
    1. noun f.
    2) meeting, assembly
    2. f., (m. - junto)
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=reunión) meeting

    celebrar o convocar una junta — to hold a meeting

    junta general extraordinaria — extraordinary general meeting, special meeting (EEUU)

    2) (=comité) [gen] council, committee; (Com, Econ) board

    junta de portavoces — (Parl) House business committee

    3) (Mil) junta
    4) Esp (Pol) name given to the governments of some autonomous areas in Spain
    5) (Téc) (=acoplamiento) joint; (=arandela) washer, gasket

    junta cardán, junta universal — universal joint

    6) LAm (=amistad)
    * * *
    1)
    a) (comité, comisión) board, committee; ( de empresa) board; ( reunión) meeting

    celebrar/convocar una junta de accionistas — to hold/call a shareholders' meeting

    b) ( de militares) junta
    2) (Mec) ( acoplamiento) joint; ( para cerrar herméticamente) gasket
    3) (CS pey) ( amistad) association
    * * *
    = board, bond, joint, seal.
    Ex. The librarian is also a member of the board of Education Studies and Humanities, indeed the university librarian served as Dean of the School for a period of three years.
    Ex. Networking creates bonds where none may have existed and multiplies individual capabilities manifold.
    Ex. Their purpose was, as paste-downs, to reinforce the joints of the covers and, as flyleaves, to give additional protection to the end pages of the book.
    Ex. It uses a heavy-duty seal and is therefore watertight, but not submersible.
    ----
    * junta de dirección = board of directors.
    * junta de facultad = faculty board.
    * junta estanca = seal.
    * junta militar = military junta, junta.
    * reparación de la junta de culata = head work.
    * reparación de las juntas de los ladrillos = pointing.
    * reunión de la junta directiva = board meeting.
    * * *
    1)
    a) (comité, comisión) board, committee; ( de empresa) board; ( reunión) meeting

    celebrar/convocar una junta de accionistas — to hold/call a shareholders' meeting

    b) ( de militares) junta
    2) (Mec) ( acoplamiento) joint; ( para cerrar herméticamente) gasket
    3) (CS pey) ( amistad) association
    * * *
    = board, bond, joint, seal.

    Ex: The librarian is also a member of the board of Education Studies and Humanities, indeed the university librarian served as Dean of the School for a period of three years.

    Ex: Networking creates bonds where none may have existed and multiplies individual capabilities manifold.
    Ex: Their purpose was, as paste-downs, to reinforce the joints of the covers and, as flyleaves, to give additional protection to the end pages of the book.
    Ex: It uses a heavy-duty seal and is therefore watertight, but not submersible.
    * junta de dirección = board of directors.
    * junta de facultad = faculty board.
    * junta estanca = seal.
    * junta militar = military junta, junta.
    * reparación de la junta de culata = head work.
    * reparación de las juntas de los ladrillos = pointing.
    * reunión de la junta directiva = board meeting.

    * * *
    Junta Autonómica (↑ junta a1)
    A
    1 (comité, comisión) board, committee
    3 (reunión) meeting
    junta militar military junta
    Compuestos:
    stockholders’ o shareholders’ meeting
    celebraron/convocaron una junta de accionistas they held/called a shareholders' meeting
    district council
    nuclear energy commission
    ( Pol) government junta; ( Com) executive board; ( Méx) ( Educ) senate ( of a university)
    (en Ur) provincial government
    members' meeting
    board of directors
    Compuestos:
    universal joint
    compensation joint
    head gasket
    ● junta de dilatación or de expansión
    expansion joint
    universal joint
    C (CS pey) (amistad) association
    las malas juntas bad company
    * * *

     

    Del verbo juntar: ( conjugate juntar)

    junta es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente indicativo

    2ª persona singular (tú) imperativo

    Multiple Entries:
    junta    
    juntar
    junta sustantivo femenino
    1
    a) (comité, comisión) board, committee;

    ( de empresa) board;
    ( reunión) meeting;



    2 (Mec) ( acoplamiento) joint;
    ( para cerrar herméticamente) gasket
    juntar ( conjugate juntar) verbo transitivo
    a) ( unir) ‹pies/manos/camas› to put … together

    b) ( reunir) ‹fichas/piezas› to collect up, gather together;

    ‹ dinero› to save (up);

    c) ( cerrar) ‹ puerta› to push … to

    juntarse verbo pronominal
    1 [ personas]
    a) ( acercarse) to move o get closer together



    c) ( como pareja) to live together;


    2
    a) [desgracias/sucesos] to come together

    b) [carreteras/conductos] to meet, join

    junto,-a
    I adjetivo
    1 (reunido, acompañado, a un tiempo) together: vivimos juntos, we live together
    todos juntos, all together
    2 (próximos) tiene los ojos muy juntos, his eyes are very close together
    dos mesas juntas, two tables side by side
    II adverbio junto
    1 (cerca de) junto a, next to
    2 (en colaboración con, además de) junto con, together with
    junta sustantivo femenino
    1 (reunión) meeting, assembly
    Pol junta de gobierno, cabinet meeting
    2 (grupo de dirección) board, committee
    junta directiva, board of directors
    3 Mil junta
    4 Téc joint
    junta de dilatación, expansion joint
    juntar verbo transitivo
    1 (unir) to join, put together: juntaremos las sillas, we'll put the chairs together
    (ensamblar) to assemble
    2 (reunir a personas) quiere juntar a toda la familia, she wants to get all her family together
    (reunir animales) to round up
    4 (coleccionar) to collect
    5 (una cantidad de dinero) to raise
    ' junta' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    directiva
    - directivo
    - enfrente
    - sanedrín
    - sesión
    - vocal
    - comité
    - director
    - junto
    - reunir
    - seleccionador
    English:
    board
    - directorate
    - district council
    - fellow
    - joint
    - meeting
    - member
    - universal joint
    - federal
    - gasket
    - get
    - junta
    - washer
    * * *
    junta nf
    1. [grupo, comité] committee;
    [de empresa, examinadores] board junta arbitral arbitration panel; Urug junta departamental provincial government;
    junta directiva board of directors;
    junta electoral electoral board;
    junta de gobierno [de universidad] senate, governing body;
    junta militar military junta;
    junta municipal town o local council
    2. [reunión] meeting
    junta de accionistas shareholders' meeting;
    junta general de accionistas shareholders' meeting;
    junta general anual annual general meeting;
    junta general extraordinaria extraordinary general meeting;
    junta de portavoces = meeting of the party spokespersons in a parliament or council to discuss a particular issue;
    junta de vecinos residents' meeting
    3. Esp [gobierno autónomo] = government and administrative body in certain autonomous regions
    4. [juntura] joint
    junta cardánica universal joint;
    junta de dilatación expansion joint;
    junta esférica ball joint;
    junta de solape lap joint;
    junta universal universal joint
    5. RP, Ven Fam [compañía]
    anda con malas juntas she hangs out with a bad crowd
    * * *
    f
    1 POL (regional) government
    2 militar junta
    3 COM board
    4 ( sesión) meeting
    5 TÉC joint
    * * *
    junta nf
    1) : board, committee
    junta directiva: board of directors
    2) reunión: meeting, session
    3) : junta
    4) : joint, gasket
    * * *
    1. (reunión) meeting
    2. (comité) committee

    Spanish-English dictionary > junta

  • 9 Chronology

      15,000-3,000 BCE Paleolithic cultures in western Portugal.
      400-200 BCE Greek and Carthaginian trade settlements on coast.
      202 BCE Roman armies invade ancient Lusitania.
      137 BCE Intensive Romanization of Lusitania begins.
      410 CE Germanic tribes — Suevi and Visigoths—begin conquest of Roman Lusitania and Galicia.
      714—16 Muslims begin conquest of Visigothic Lusitania.
      1034 Christian Reconquest frontier reaches Mondego River.
      1064 Christians conquer Coimbra.
      1139 Burgundian Count Afonso Henriques proclaims himself king of Portugal; birth of Portugal. Battle of Ourique: Afonso Henriques defeats Muslims.
      1147 With English Crusaders' help, Portuguese seize Lisbon from Muslims.
      1179 Papacy formally recognizes Portugal's independence (Pope Alexander III).
      1226 Campaign to reclaim Alentejo from Muslims begins.
      1249 Last Muslim city (Silves) falls to Portuguese Army.
      1381 Beginning of third war between Castile and Portugal.
      1383 Master of Aviz, João, proclaimed regent by Lisbon populace.
      1385 April: Master of Aviz, João I, proclaimed king of Portugal by Cortes of Coimbra. 14 August: Battle of Aljubarrota, Castilians defeated by royal forces, with assistance of English army.
      1394 Birth of "Prince Henry the Navigator," son of King João I.
      1415 Beginning of overseas expansion as Portugal captures Moroccan city of Ceuta.
      1419 Discovery of Madeira Islands.
      1425-28 Prince D. Pedro, older brother of Prince Henry, travels in Europe.
      1427 Discovery (or rediscovery?) of Azores Islands.
      1434 Prince Henry the Navigator's ships pass beyond Cape Bojador, West Africa.
      1437 Disaster at Tangier, Morocco, as Portuguese fail to capture city.
      1441 First African slaves from western Africa reach Portugal.
      1460 Death of Prince Henry. Portuguese reach what is now Senegal, West Africa.
      1470s Portuguese explore West African coast and reach what is now Ghana and Nigeria and begin colonizing islands of São Tomé and Príncipe.
      1479 Treaty of Alcáçovas between kings of Portugal and Spain.
      1482 Portuguese establish post at São Jorge da Mina, Gold Coast (now Ghana).
      1482-83 Portuguese navigator Diogo Cão reaches mouth of Congo River and Angola.
      1488 Navigator Bartolomeu Dias rounds Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, and finds route to Indian Ocean.
      1492-93 Columbus's first voyage to West Indies.
      1493 Columbus visits Azores and Portugal on return from first voyage; tells of discovery of New World. Treaty of Tordesillas signed between kings of Portugal and Spain: delimits spheres of conquest with line 370 leagues west of Cape Verde Islands (claimed by Portugal); Portugal's sphere to east of line includes, in effect, Brazil.
       King Manuel I and Royal Council decide to continue seeking all-water route around Africa to Asia.
       King Manuel I expels unconverted Jews from Portugal.
      1497-99 Epic voyage of Vasco da Gama from Portugal around Africa to west India, successful completion of sea route to Asia project; da Gama returns to Portugal with samples of Asian spices.
      1500 Bound for India, Navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral "discovers" coast of Brazil and claims it for Portugal.
      1506 Anti-Jewish riots in Lisbon.
       Battle of Diu, India; Portugal's command of Indian Ocean assured for some time with Francisco de Almeida's naval victory over Egyptian and Gujerati fleets.
       Afonso de Albuquerque conquers Goa, India; beginning of Portuguese hegemony in south Asia.
       Portuguese conquest of Malacca; commerce in Spice Islands.
      1519 Magellan begins circumnavigation voyage.
      1536 Inquisition begins in Portugal.
      1543 Portuguese merchants reach Japan.
      1557 Portuguese merchants granted Chinese territory of Macau for trading factory.
      1572 Luís de Camões publishes epic poem, Os Lusíadas.
      1578 Battle of Alcácer-Quivir; Moroccan forces defeat army of King Sebastião of Portugal; King Sebastião dies in battle. Portuguese succession crisis.
      1580 King Phillip II of Spain claims and conquers Portugal; Spanish rule of Portugal, 1580-1640.
      1607-24 Dutch conquer sections of Asia and Brazil formerly held by Portugal.
      1640 1 December: Portuguese revolution in Lisbon overthrows Spanish rule, restores independence. Beginning of Portugal's Braganza royal dynasty.
      1654 Following Dutch invasions and conquest of parts of Brazil and Angola, Dutch expelled by force.
      1661 Anglo-Portuguese Alliance treaty signed: England pledges to defend Portugal "as if it were England itself." Queen Catherine of Bra-ganza marries England's Charles II.
      1668 February: In Portuguese-Spanish peace treaty, Spain recognizes independence of Portugal, thus ending 28-year War of Restoration.
      1703 Methuen Treaties signed, key commercial trade agreement and defense treaty between England and Portugal.
      1750 Pombal becomes chief minister of King José I.
      1755 1 November: Massive Lisbon earthquake, tidal wave, and fire.
      1759 Expulsion of Jesuits from Portugal and colonies.
      1761 Slavery abolished in continental Portugal.
      1769 Abandonment of Mazagão, Morocco, last Portuguese outpost.
      1777 Pombal dismissed as chief minister by Queen Maria I, after death of José I.
      1791 Portugal and United States establish full diplomatic relations.
      1807 November: First Napoleonic invasion; French forces under Junot conquer Portugal. Royal family flees to colony of Brazil and remains there until 1821.
      1809 Second French invasion of Portugal under General Soult.
      1811 Third French invasion of Portugal under General Masséna.
      1813 Following British general Wellington's military victories, French forces evacuate Portugal.
      1817 Liberal, constitutional movements against absolutist monarchist rule break out in Brazil (Pernambuco) and Portugal (Lisbon, under General Gomes Freire); crushed by government. British marshal of Portugal's army, Beresford, rules Portugal.
       Liberal insurrection in army officer corps breaks out in Cadiz, Spain, and influences similar movement in Portugal's armed forces first in Oporto.
       King João VI returns from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and early draft of constitution; era of constitutional monarchy begins.
      1822 7 September: João VI's son Pedro proclaims independence of
       Brazil from Portugal and is named emperor. 23 September: Constitution of 1822 ratified.
       Portugal recognizes sovereign independence of Brazil.
       King João VI dies; power struggle for throne ensues between his sons, brothers Pedro and Miguel; Pedro, emperor of Brazil, abdicates Portuguese throne in favor of his daughter, D. Maria II, too young to assume crown. By agreement, Miguel, uncle of D. Maria, is to accept constitution and rule in her stead.
      1828 Miguel takes throne and abolishes constitution. Sections of Portugal rebel against Miguelite rule.
      1831 Emperor Pedro abdicates throne of Brazil and returns to Portugal to expel King Miguel from Portuguese throne.
      1832-34 Civil war between absolutist King Miguel and constitutionalist Pedro, who abandons throne of Brazil to restore his young daughter Maria to throne of Portugal; Miguel's armed forces defeated by those of Pedro. Miguel leaves for exile and constitution (1826 Charter) is restored.
      1834-53 Constitutional monarchy consolidated under rule of Queen Maria II, who dies in 1853.
      1851-71 Regeneration period of economic development and political stability; public works projects sponsored by Minister Fontes Pereira de Melo.
      1871-90 Rotativism period of alternating party governments; achieves political stability and less military intervention in politics and government. Expansion of colonial territory in tropical Africa.
       January: Following territorial dispute in central Africa, Britain delivers "Ultimatum" to Portugal demanding withdrawal of Portugal's forces from what is now Malawi and Zimbabwe. Portugal's government, humiliated in accepting demand under threat of a diplomatic break, falls. Beginning of governmental and political instability; monarchist decline and republicanism's rise.
       Anglo-Portuguese treaties signed relating to delimitation of frontiers in colonial Africa.
      1899 Treaty of Windsor; renewal of Anglo-Portuguese defense and friendship alliance.
      1903 Triumphal visit of King Edward VII to Portugal.
      1906 Politician João Franco supported by King Carlos I in dictatorship to restore order and reform.
      1908 1 February: Murder in Lisbon of King Carlos I and his heir apparent, Prince Dom Luís, by Portuguese anarchists. Eighteen-year-old King Manuel II assumes throne.
      1910 3-5 October: Following republican-led military insurrection in armed forces, monarchy falls and first Portuguese republic is proclaimed. Beginning of unstable, economically troubled, parliamentary republic form of government.
       May: Violent insurrection in Lisbon overturns government of General Pimenta de Castro; nearly a thousand casualties from several days of armed combat in capital.
       March: Following Portugal's honoring ally Britain's request to confiscate German shipping in Portuguese harbors, Germany declares war on Portugal; Portugal enters World War I on Allied side.
       Portugal organizes and dispatches Portuguese Expeditionary Corps to fight on the Western Front. 9 April: Portuguese forces mauled by German offensive in Battle of Lys. Food rationing and riots in Lisbon. Portuguese military operations in Mozambique against German expedition's invasion from German East Africa. 5 December: Authoritarian, presidentialist government under Major Sidónio Pais takes power in Lisbon, following a successful military coup.
      1918 11 November: Armistice brings cessation of hostilities on Western Front in World War I. Portuguese expeditionary forces stationed in Angola, Mozambique, and Flanders begin return trip to Portugal. 14 December: President Sidónio Pais assassinated. Chaotic period of ephemeral civil war ensues.
      1919-21 Excessively unstable political period, including January
      1919 abortive effort of Portuguese monarchists to restore Braganza dynasty to power. Republican forces prevail, but level of public violence, economic distress, and deprivation remains high.
      1921 October: Political violence attains peak with murder of former prime minister and other prominent political figures in Lisbon. Sectors of armed forces and Guarda Nacional Republicana are mutinous. Year of financial and corruption scandals, including Portuguese bank note (fraud) case; military court acquits guilty military insurrectionists, and one military judge declares "the country is sick."
       28 May: Republic overthrown by military coup or pronunciamento and conspiracy among officer corps. Parliament's doors locked and parliament closed for nearly nine years to January 1935. End of parliamentary republic, Western Europe's most unstable political system in this century, beginning of the Portuguese dictatorship, after 1930 known as the Estado Novo. Officer corps assumes reins of government, initiates military censorship of the press, and suppresses opposition.
       February: Military dictatorship under General Óscar Carmona crushes failed republican armed insurrection in Oporto and Lisbon.
       April: Military dictatorship names Professor Antônio de Oliveira Salazar minister of finance, with dictatorial powers over budget, to stabilize finances and rebuild economy. Insurrectionism among military elements continues into 1931.
      1930 Dr. Salazar named minister for colonies and announces balanced budgets. Salazar consolidates support by various means, including creation of official regime "movement," the National Union. Salazar engineers Colonial Act to ensure Lisbon's control of bankrupt African colonies by means of new fiscal controls and centralization of authority. July: Military dictatorship names Salazar prime minister for first time, and cabinet composition undergoes civilianization; academic colleagues and protégés plan conservative reform and rejuvenation of society, polity, and economy. Regime comes to be called the Estado Novo (New State). New State's constitution ratified by new parliament, the National Assembly; Portugal described in document as "unitary, corporative Republic" and governance influenced by Salazar's stern personality and doctrines such as integralism, Catholicism, and fiscal conservatism.
      1936 Violent instability and ensuing civil war in neighboring Spain, soon internationalized by fascist and communist intervention, shake Estado Novo regime. Pseudofascist period of regime features creation of imitation Fascist institutions to defend regime from leftist threats; Portugal institutes "Portuguese Youth" and "Portuguese Legion."
      1939 3 September: Prime Minister Salazar declares Portugal's neutrality in World War II. October: Anglo-Portuguese agreement grants naval and air base facilities to Britain and later to United States for Battle of the Atlantic and Normandy invasion support. Third Reich protests breach of Portugal's neutrality.
       6 June: On day of Allies' Normandy invasion, Portugal suspends mining and export of wolfram ore to both sides in war.
       8 May: Popular celebrations of Allied victory and Fascist defeat in Lisbon and Oporto coincide with Victory in Europe Day. Following managed elections for Estado Novo's National Assembly in November, regime police, renamed PIDE, with increased powers, represses opposition.
      1947 Abortive military coup in central Portugal easily crushed by regime. Independence of India and initiation of Indian protests against Portuguese colonial rule in Goa and other enclaves.
      1949 Portugal becomes founding member of NATO.
      1951 Portugal alters constitution and renames overseas colonies "Overseas Provinces." Portugal and United States sign military base agreements for use of air and naval facilities in Azores Islands and military aid to Lisbon. President Carmona dies in office, succeeded by General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58). July: Indians occupy enclave of Portuguese India (dependency of Damão) by means of passive resistance movement. August: Indian passive resistance movement in Portuguese India repelled by Portuguese forces with loss of life. December: With U.S. backing, Portugal admitted as member of United Nations (along with Spain). Air force general Humberto Delgado, in opposition, challenges Estado Novo's hand-picked successor to Craveiro Lopes, Admiral Américo Tomás. Delgado rallies coalition of democratic, liberal, and communist opposition but loses rigged election and later flees to exile in Brazil. Portugal joins European Free Trade Association (EFTA).
       January and February: Estado Novo rocked by armed African insurrection in northern Angola, crushed by armed forces. Hijacking of Portuguese ocean liner by ally of Delgado, Captain Henrique Galvão. April: Salazar defeats attempted military coup and reshuffles cabinet with group of younger figures who seek to reform colonial rule and strengthen the regime's image abroad. 18 December: Indian army rapidly defeats Portugal's defense force in Goa, Damão, and Diu and incorporates Portugal's Indian possessions into Indian Union. January: Abortive military coup in Beja, Portugal.
      1965 February: General Delgado and his Brazilian secretary murdered and secretly buried near Spanish frontier by political police, PIDE.
      1968 August and September: Prime Minister Salazar, aged 79, suffers crippling stoke. President Tomás names former cabinet officer Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor. Caetano institutes modest reforms in Portugal and overseas.
      1971 Caetano government ratifies amended constitution that allows slight devolution and autonomy to overseas provinces in Africa and Asia. Right-wing loyalists oppose reforms in Portugal. 25 April: Military coup engineered by Armed Forces Movement overthrows Estado Novo and establishes provisional government emphasizing democratization, development, and decolonization. Limited resistance by loyalists. President Tomás and Premier Caetano flown to exile first in Madeira and then in Brazil. General Spínola appointed president. September: Revolution moves to left, as President Spínola, thwarted in his program, resigns.
       March: Military coup by conservative forces fails, and leftist response includes nationalization of major portion of economy. Polarization between forces and parties of left and right. 25 November: Military coup by moderate military elements thwarts leftist forces. Constituent Assembly prepares constitution. Revolution moves from left to center and then right.
       March: Constitution ratified by Assembly of the Republic. 25 April: Second general legislative election gives largest share of seats to Socialist Party (PS). Former oppositionist lawyer, Mário Soares, elected deputy and named prime minister.
      1977-85 Political pendulum of democratic Portugal moves from center-left to center-right, as Social Democratic Party (PSD) increases hold on assembly and take office under Prime Minister Cavaco Silva. July
      1985 elections give edge to PSD who advocate strong free-enterprise measures and revision of leftist-generated 1976 Constitution, amended modestly in 1982.
      1986 January: Portugal joins European Economic Community (EEC).
      1987 July: General, legislative elections for assembly give more than 50 percent to PSD led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva. For first time, since 1974, Portugal has a working majority government.
      1989 June: Following revisions of 1976 Constitution, reprivatization of economy begins, under PS government.
       January: Presidential elections, Mário Soares reelected for second term. July: General, legislative elections for assembly result in new PSD victory and majority government.
       January-July: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the European Economic Community (EEC). December: Tariff barriers fall as fully integrated Common Market established in the EEC.
       November: Treaty of Maastricht comes into force. The EEC officially becomes the European Union (EU). Portugal is signatory with 11 other member-nations.
       October: General, legislative elections for assembly result in PS victory and naming of Prime Minister Guterres. PS replace PSD as leading political party. November: Excavations for Lisbon bank uncover ancient Phoenician, Roman, and Christian ruins.
       January: General, presidential elections; socialist Jorge Sampaio defeats PSD's Cavaco Silva and assumes presidency from Dr. Mário Soares. July: Community of Portuguese Languages Countries (CPLP) cofounded by Portugal and Brazil.
       May-September: Expo '98 held in Lisbon. Opening of Vasco da Gama Bridge across Tagus River, Europe's longest (17 kilometers/ 11 miles). June: National referendum on abortion law change defeated after low voter turnout. November: National referendum on regionaliza-tion and devolution of power defeated after another low voter turnout.
       October: General, legislative elections: PS victory over PSD lacks clear majority in parliament. Following East Timor referendum, which votes for independence and withdrawal of Indonesia, outburst of popular outrage in streets, media, and communications of Portugal approves armed intervention and administration of United Nations (and withdrawal of Indonesia) in East Timor. Portugal and Indonesia restore diplomatic relations. December: A Special Territory since 1975, Colony of Macau transferred to sovereignty of People's Republic of China.
       January-June: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the EU; end of Discoveries Historical Commemoration Cycle (1988-2000).
       United Nations forces continue to occupy and administer former colony of East Timor, with Portugal's approval.
       January: General, presidential elections; PS president Sampaio reelected for second term. City of Oporto, "European City of Culture" for the year, hosts arts festival. December: Municipal elections: PSD defeats PS; socialist prime minister Guterres resigns; President Sampaio calls March parliamentary elections.
       1 January: Portugal enters single European Currency system. Euro currency adopted and ceases use of former national currency, the escudo. March: Parliamentary elections; PSD defeats PS and José Durão Barroso becomes prime minister. Military modernization law passed. Portugal holds chairmanship of Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE).
       May: Municipal law passed permitting municipalities to reorganize in new ways.
       June: Prime Minister Durão Barroso, invited to succeed Romano Prodi as president of EU Commission, resigns. Pedro Santana Lopes becomes prime minister. European Parliament elections held. Conscription for national service in army and navy ended. Mass grave uncovered at Academy of Sciences Museum, Lisbon, revealing remains of several thousand victims of Lisbon earthquake, 1755.
       February: Parliamentary elections; PS defeats PSD, socialists win first absolute majority in parliament since 1975. José Sócrates becomes prime minister.
       January: Presidential elections; PSD candidate Aníbal Cavaco Silva elected and assumes presidency from Jorge Sampaio. Portugal's national soccer team ranked 7th out of 205 countries by international soccer association. European Union's Bologna Process in educational reform initiated in Portugal.
       July-December: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the European Union. For reasons of economy, Portugal announces closure of many consulates, especially in France and the eastern US. Government begins official inspections of private institutions of higher education, following scandals.
      2008 January: Prime Minister Sócrates announces location of new Lisbon area airport as Alcochete, on south bank of Tagus River, site of air force shooting range. February: Portuguese Army begins to receive new modern battle tanks (Leopard 2 A6). March: Mass protest of 85,000 public school (primary and secondary levels) teachers in Lisbon schools dispute recent educational policies of minister of education and prime minister.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Chronology

  • 10 органы местного самоуправления

    1) General subject: local government, local governments (АД), self-governing authorities ("government of a country by its own people, especially after having been a colony" - COED - AD), local self-government authorities (Hunton & Williams), local government bodies
    2) Politics: bodies of local self government ("government of a country by its own people, especially after having been a colony" - COED - AD), organs of local self-government ("government of a country by its own people, especially after having been a colony" - COED - AD)
    4) Business: local authorities

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > органы местного самоуправления

  • 11 Durão Barroso, José Manuel

    (1952-)
       Academic, scholar, and politician who rose to prominence after the Revolution of 25 April 1974. Trained as an academic in the field of political science and law, Durão Barroso received a master's degree in political science at a Swiss university in the 1980s and continued to a doctorate in Portugal. For some years, he taught political science at the University of Geneva. A student of Portuguese government and politics, he entered academic life in Lisbon at various universities, including the Faculty of Law, University of Lisbon, and spent terms abroad as a visiting political science professor at Georgetown University in the United States.
       A leading member of the Social Democratic Party (PSD) after 1993, he was minister of foreign affairs in the Cavaco Silva government in the mid-1990s. When Marcello Rebelo de Sousa withdrew from politics in 1999, Durão Barroso was elected in his place as chief of the PSD; he led the party in the October 1999 elections, won by the Socialist Party (PS) under Guterres. The defeat of the PSD in this election, whose final results were closer than predicted, cast a shadow on the leadership position of Durão Barroso, whose brittle style and manner of public speaking aroused controversy. The position of the PSD, however, still retained some strength; the results of the October 1999 elections were disappointing to the PS, which expected to win an overall majority in the Assembly of the Republic. Instead, the PS fell one seat short. The electoral results in seats were PS (115) to PSD (81). As the PS's hold on the electorate weakened during 2001, and the party was defeated in municipal elections in December 2001, the PSD's leader came into his own as party chief.
       In the parliamentary elections of 17 March 2002, the PSD won the largest number of seats, and Durão Barroso was appointed prime minister. To have a majority, he governed in coalition with the Popular Party (PP), formerly known as the Christian Democratic Party (CDS). Durão Barroso reduced government spending, which affected the budgets of local governments and civil service recruitment. These measures, as well as plans to accelerate privatization and introduce labor reforms, resulted in a public-sector worker's strike in November 2002, the first such strike in 10 years. Durão Barroso decided to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a freeze on the wages of employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than 50 percent of the workforce.
       In 2004, he became president of the Commission, European Union (EU). He took up the office on 23 November 2004, and Pedro Santana Lopes, then the PSD mayor of Lisbon, became prime minister. Portugal has held the six-month rotating presidency of the EU three times, in 1992, 2000, and 2007.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Durão Barroso, José Manuel

  • 12 Guterres, António Manuel de

    (1949-)
       Socialist Party leader, engineer, and politician, prime minister of Portugal (19952002). Born in Lisbon in a lower-middle-class family with roots in Beira Alta district (central Portugal), Guterres was trained as an electrical engineer and physicist. In his twenties, he abandoned academic pursuits to enter politics and was active in the university Catholic youth movement. Following the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Guterres became active in the Socialist Party (PS) leadership and joined several administrations' ministries during provisional governments (1974-75). From 1976 to 1983, he was an elected deputy for the Assembly of the Republic and was reelected to the same body as a deputy in 1985, serving until 1988. In the late 1980s, he reached the top rungs of the PS leadership. He directed the PS's electoral campaign of 1987. When the PS defeated the Social Democratic Party (PSD) in both the general legislative elections of 1995 and 1999, Guterres was named and served as prime minister.
       Following the PSD's defeat of the PS in the December 2001 municipal elections, Guterres unexpectedly resigned as chief of the PS and became a caretaker prime minister as President Jorge Sampaio called for parliamentary elections in March 2002. Guterres was replaced as PS leader and candidate for prime minister by Ferro Rodrigues. In the 17 March 2002 elections, the PSD defeated the PS, but only by a slim margin. Guterres left the premiership and withdrew from active politics.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Guterres, António Manuel de

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